Organic C and N stabilization in a forest soil: Evidence from sequential density fractionation

In mineral soil, organic matter (OM) accumulates mainly on and around surfaces of silt- and clay-size particles. When fractionated according to particle density, C and N concentration (per g fraction) and C/N of these soil organo-mineral particles decrease with increasing particle density across soils of widely divergent texture, mineralogy, location, and management. The variation in particle density is explained potentially by two factors: (1) a decrease in the mass ratio of organic to mineral phase of these particles, and (2) variations in density of the mineral phase. The first explanation implies that the thickness of the organic accumulations decreases with increasing particle density. The decrease in C/N can be explained at least partially by especially stable sorption of nitrogenous N-containing compounds (amine, amide, and pyrrole) directly to mineral surfaces, a phenomenon well documented both empirically and theoretically. These peptidic compounds, along with ligand-exchanged carboxylic compounds, could then form a stable inner organic layer onto which other organics could sorb more readily than onto the unconditioned mineral surfaces (“onion” layering model).To explore mechanisms underlying this trend in C concentration and C/N with particle density, we sequentially density fractionated an Oregon andic soil at 1.65, 1.85, 2.00, 2.28, and 2.55 g cm⁻³ and analyzed the six fractions for measures of organic matter and mineral phase properties.All measures of OM composition showed either: (1) a monotonic change with density, or (2) a monotonic change across the lightest fractions, then little change over the heaviest fractions. Total C, N, and lignin phenol concentration all decreased monotonically with increasing density, and ¹⁴C mean residence time (MRT) increased with particle density from ca. 150 years to >980 years in the four organo-mineral fractions. In contrast, C/N, ¹³C and ¹⁵N concentration all showed the second pattern. All these data are consistent with a general pattern of an increase in extent of microbial processing with increasing organo-mineral particle density, and also with an “onion” layering model.X-ray diffraction before and after separation of magnetic materials showed that the sequential density fractionation (SDF) isolated pools of differing mineralogy, with layer-silicate clays dominating in two of the intermediate fractions and primary minerals in the heaviest two fractions. There was no indication that these differences in mineralogy controlled the differences in density of the organo-mineral particles in this soil. Thus, our data are consistent with the hypothesis that variation in particle density reflects variation in thickness of the organic accumulations and with an “onion” layering model for organic matter accumulation on mineral surfaces. However, the mineralogy differences among fractions made it difficult to test either the layer-thickness or “onion” layering models with this soil. Although SDF isolated pools of distinct mineralogy and organic-matter composition, more work will be needed to understand mechanisms relating the two factors.     

pH对针铁矿表面磷酸盐吸附的化学形态的影响

Chemical forms of the phosphate adsorbed on goethite surfaces and characteristics of the coordinate groups which exchange with P on goethite surfaces in solutions with different pll values were investigated.Results showed that the chemical forms of P on goethite surfaces changed from the dominance of monodentate corrdination to that of bidentate one with increasing pH of the solution.By influencing types of phosphate ions in solutions,pH affected the chemical forms of P on goethite surfaces,The amount of OH^- displaced by phosphae on goethite surfaces was the most at pH 7.0,the second at pH 9.0,and the least at pH 4.5.     

A New Simple Method for the Evaluation of Mineral Elements in Different Oilseeds

A method for the analysis of seven mineral contents—that is, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu)—was investigated in some oilseeds like flax, sesame, pumpkin, quinoa, and yellow mustard. X-ray Spectral Analysis method with Spectrometer EDX-900HS was used for the analytical concentrations of the macro and micro elements of the oilseeds. A relatively high level of Zn content was found in sesame and pumpkin seeds, while the highest level of Fe content was found in mustard seeds. Regarding the macro elements (K, Ca, and P) content, the highest levels of concentration were found in flax and mustard seeds. The highest values of Cu were obtained in sesame seeds while those of Mn were in pumpkin and brown flax seeds. The results showed that the method is a reliable and simple analytical procedure to characterize mineral elements in oilseeds with a very high analytical performance.     

基于电阻率断层扫描技术探测林地土层厚度

土层厚度对林地生产力具有重要影响,是评价林地土壤质量的重要指标。为了对林地土壤的土层厚度进行调查,该文应用电阻率断层扫描技术对林地土壤土层厚度进行了研究,对其可适用性做出评价。通过在野外试验点对土壤电阻率的实地断层扫描,将其结果与实际测定得到的基岩特征电阻率相结合,预测土层厚度,并将预测值和实地基坑开挖数据进行比较。结果表明,研究区土层厚度多在小于2 m的范围内,电阻率断层扫描技术估测结果与实测结果相符(均方根误差为0.2678),初步表明该技术在估算林地土层厚度方面具有良好的适用性。该研究结果为土壤学方面相关研究提供重要手段,也将对土壤质量评价和土地利用等相关工作提供指导。     

X光结合B超诊断肝癌晚期病犬

随着宠物诊疗技术和设备的逐渐完善,一些宠物体内外的肿瘤可以通过X光和B超得以发现,并通过病理切片判定肿瘤的性质和可能的生发细胞,为宠物肿瘤病的研究提供临床资料。本文就是对临床检查怀疑患腹腔恶性肿瘤的金毛,采取腹部X光摄影结合B超诊断为肝癌病例的报告,为以后相关病例的诊断和对肿瘤的发生率的统计提供参考。     

Impacts of off-road traffic on soil physical properties of forest clear-cuts: X-ray and laboratory analysis

Due to the great year-round demand for forest products, off-road forestry traffic occurs even when the ground is susceptible to soil compaction and rutting. We investigated the impacts of repeated passes with a laden forwarder (34?Mg) on the soil physical properties of two clear-cuts on stony till soils in northern Sweden. Core samples (n?=?71) were collected from the top 5?cm of mineral soil in and beside wheel tracks, after six passes with the forwarder. Soil physical properties were quantified using classical soil physical analyses and X-ray tomography. The hydraulic conductivity was 70% lower in the wheel tracks than in the soil beside. The X-ray image analysis indicated that this was due to the smaller total volume and lower connectivity of structural pores (φ?>?60?µm). Total porosity was 24% and 12% lower in the tracks at the two sites respectively, and mean bulk density was 1.39?g?cm^?3 in the tracks, compared to 1.13?g?cm^?3 beside them. To conclude, traffic changed the soil physical properties in a way that may lead to longer periods of high water content in the wheel tracks, increased risk of surface runoff and insufficient aeration for optimal seedling growth.     

日本鳗鲡幼体的耳石微化学分析及其环境指示元素筛选

在长江口日本鳗鲡鳗苗捕捞汛期,于长江靖江段采集日本鳗鲡幼体,采用同步辐射X射线荧光(XRF)定量分析方法测定了幼体矢耳石中14种元素的含量,分析了在海洋与淡水早期生活史阶段的微化学特征。结果显示,耳石中Ca和Sr为常量元素,Ba、Fe、Mn、Zn的含量也在1-10μg/g之间,Cr、Ni、Se、Co、Cu、Au则在1 mg/g以下。Ni、Cu、Mn、Cr、Co、Zn和Sr含量的稳定性较好,变异系数在30%以下;Se、Au的含量低且极不稳定,变异系数达40.8-75.0%;Fe在不同个体间存在显著的含量差异(p=0.007<0.05),但其他元素不存在个体差异。在海洋生活史阶段,Mn、Se、Co、Ba为强富集元素(BCFa-e >1000),Sr、Fe、Zn、Ni、Cu为中等富集元素(BCFa-e在100~1000)。除Sr、Ba和Se外,卵黄囊期和柳叶鳗期的耳石富集系数并无显著差异(p>0.05)。在淡水生活史阶段,Sr和Co为强富集元素(BCFa-e >1000),Se、Zn、Cu、Ba、Mn为中等富集元素(BCFa-e在100~1000),Ni、Fe为低富集元素(BCFa-e在10~100)。与海水阶段相比,耳石在淡水阶段的Fe、Ba、Mn、Se、Co、Ni富集系数均大幅减小,而对Sr、Zn、Cu的富集能力有所增大。分析表明,耳石内的Sr、Ba、Ni、Co为环境强响应元素,Fe和Mn为环境弱响应元素,Zn、Cu和Se为环境负响应元素,幼鳗自海洋至淡水的迁徙过程中,前者存在明显的时滞效应,但后两者的日间含量波动较大,缺乏响应的规律性。本文认为,用作鱼类迁移行为或栖息地环境变化的指示元素,需要具备耳石富集效应强、时滞效应小、不同环境间含量差异大、稳定性好、且为非必需元素等特点。从本研究结果看,只有Sr和Ba两种元素符合这些条件 。     

利用双能X射线预测绵羊胴体肌内脂肪含量的研究

本研究旨在探讨双能X射线在绵羊肌内脂肪(IMF)含量等营养指标测定中的应用价值。试验选取19只8月龄蒙古绵羊作为研究对象,利用索氏抽提法测定IMF含量,利用组织成分检测仪测定胴体骨密度(BMD)、胴体单位矿物质的脂肪含量(FBMC)、胴体单位矿物质的肌肉含量(LBMC)、后腿单位矿物质的脂肪含量(LFBMC)、后腿单位矿物质的肌肉含量(LLBMC) 5个指标,再将这些指标进行相关性分析、通径分析及回归方程的构建。结果显示,FBMC对IMF的决定程度最大,且FBMC与IMF构成的回归方程极显著,表明可通过检测FBMC来进行绵羊胴体IMF的预测。该研究为双能X射线在肉品质快速评定中的应用提供了必要的依据。     

NaCl胁迫下构树离子相对含量及分布的能谱分析

应用扫描电镜和X射线能谱仪测定不同浓度NaCl胁迫下构树幼苗根、茎、叶3器官中离子的相对含量,并对其组织分布特征进行分析。结果表明：盐胁迫下构树幼苗各器官中Na^＋和Cl^-相对含量均高于对照,K^＋、Ca^2＋和Mg^2＋相对含量则低于对照;随着盐处理浓度的增加,根部皮层和髓细胞中的Na^＋和Cl^-相对含量增幅较高,茎中的Na^＋和Cl^-主要积累于表皮细胞,皮层中分布较少,叶中Na^＋和Cl^-在表皮细胞中积累较多,而栅栏组织和海绵组织中含量相对较少;在高盐胁迫下,地上部分Ca^2＋含量明显高于根部;NaCl胁迫下构树幼苗不同器官K^＋含量下降的幅度不同,根和茎中K^＋含量均降低,而叶片中K^＋含量与对照相比变化不明显,在组织水平上,K^＋在海绵组织和栅栏组织中的相对含量有所增加;盐胁迫对P^3＋含量影响较小,其分布特点是主要积累于根部。     

苎麻种质资源纤维结晶度变异及其主要品质性状的关联性研究

从国家苎麻种质长沙苎麻圃中选择有代表性的55个苎麻品种为材料．用X射线衍射法测定苎麻精干麻的结晶度。用面积法计算各个品种的结晶度,分析苎麻纤维结晶度及其与主要纤维品质性状的相关性。研究结果如下：苎麻品种问纤维结晶度有显著性差异。55个苎麻品种纤维结晶度平均值变幅在69％-73％之间,变异系数为0．9769％,纤维结晶度最低是川苎二号。其值为69．03％,最高是印尼麻,其值为72．31％。同一品种的不同季别的苎麻纤维结晶度有一定的差异。二麻结晶度最低,与头麻、三麻之间有显著性差异;同一品种苎麻不同收获期、不同部位纤维结晶度有差异。品种中苎一号、圆叶青和NC01在1／3黑杆时期的纤维结晶度与1／3黑杆前的纤维结晶度有显著性差异,1/3黑杆前收获可显著降低结晶度,但是会降低苎麻的产量：1／2黑杆时期后的结晶度值无显著性差异,结晶度值趋于稳定;苎麻纤维结晶度与断裂强力呈极显著负相关。相关系数为-0．39526＊＊（n=55）;苎麻纤维结晶度与纤维细度呈显著正相关,相关系数为O．31363＊（n=55）。